Don’t Compromise: Clean and Sanitize
The subject is cleaning and sanitizing. Chefs, food service directors, managers and staff try to practice safe food-handling at every turn in the kitchen. Don’t let that effort go down the drain by slacking off on the many aspects of sanitation. That includes dish and ware-washing techniques (pots, pans, equipment), and cleaning all the areas that give us that “neat as a pin” appearance in your customers eyes. Customers seldom fail to bring that soiled silverware or glass with lipstick on it to the attention of the manager or wait staff. Improperly cleaning and sanitizing of food contact equipment does allow transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to food and ultimately our customer.
Cleaning vs. Sanitizing –Cleaning is the process of removing food and other types of soil from a surface (what you can see). Sanitizing is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on a clean surface to safe levels (removing microorganisms you cannot see). Both can be done with heat or chemicals. Sometimes we misuse terms regarding sanitation, so to further clarify definitions for killing microorganisms, disinfection and sterilization methods are much higher levels of microorganism destruction than sanitizing. They are done by higher heat, higher chemical concentration or just stronger chemicals. Disinfection might be used for non-food contact surfaces such as floors or walls. Sterilization is used on medical equipment and some food processing equipment, but not in a kitchen environment.
Any surface that comes in contact with food such as a cutting board or utensil must be cleaned and sanitized:
- After each use of that piece of equipment.
- Anytime you begin working with another type of food – special care is needed between raw food and ready-to-eat food preparation.
- Anytime you are interrupted during a task and the tools or items you have been working with may have been contaminated. Busy rush periods or receiving deliveries might be examples.
- At four-hour intervals if the food contact equipment is in constant use. A good example is a deli slicer or knife, but hopefully you clean and sanitize heavily used equipment even more often than the 4 hour maximum to help control cross-contamination.
Dishwashing Machine Operation—For the best cleaning, start with the right equipment. Pots and pans usually need manual 3 compartment sink process. Dishes, glassware, and flatware are best washed in a commercial automatic dishwasher. Selection of the right machine depends on several factors, including the overall volume and type of wares to wash and sanitize. Dish machines range in size from single-tank, stationary-rack units to flight-type conveyor units. According to the National Association of Foodservice Equipment Manufacturers, dish machines are rated by the number of racks loaded with an average of 20 dishes that can be properly washed per hour. It’s critical to match the machines rating to your real-life dish count.
Operators can choose ‘high-temperature” or” low-temp” machines. High-temp sanitize using very hot water. Their rinse cycle must be at least180°F, although no higher than 194°F. Temperatures of 195°F and above can cause food particles to “bake” onto the dish surface from the steam. Machines using chemical sanitizers operate at lower temperatures (120°F) and use chlorine to sanitize that is injected into the final rinse. Even though machines are “automatic”, their efficiency is dependent upon the human factor – dish-room personnel, so remember these points:
- Check the machine for cleanliness at least once a day, cleaning it as necessary. Fill the tanks with clean water, clear the spray nozzles, and fill the detergent, rinse aid, and sanitizer dispensers properly.
- Scrape, rinse, or soak items before washing. Pre-soak items with dried on food particles.
- Load dish racks correctly and don’t overload them. Make sure all surfaces are exposed to the spray action of the machine.
- Check temperatures and pressure frequently following the manufacturer’s recommendations.
- Check each rack as it comes out of the machine for soiled items and run dirty items through again until they are clean.
- Air dry all items. Place glasses, cups, pots and pans upside down on the drying rack. Place and store flatware and utensils with handles up.
- Handwashing is important for the crew in the dish room if one person is loading dirty dishes and also removing clean dishes from racks. Train the crew how to best control this step.
Three Compartment Sinks –Pots, pans, utensils, and bar glassware are typically washed manually in a three-compartment sink. All sinks should be rinsed and cleaned prior to use. The first sink is for pre-soaking and washing. At least 110°F (as hot as you can stand) will help the detergent work. Before filling the second and third sinks, scrape any pots and pans that need presoaking and place them in the filled first sink. Those extra minutes in the hot water will help loosen the dried-on particles. Fill the second sink – the rinsing compartment—with warm water too (at least 110°F). Then fill the third sink – the sanitizing compartment. Measure your sanitizer accurately considering the gallons of water in the 3rd sink. Based on the sanitizer manufacturer’s recommendations and label instructions, use water temperature of 75°F to 120°F to sanitize. Do not rinse off the sanitizer. Air dry all equipment – do not towel dry.
Sanitizer effectiveness is based on three factors: 1) concentration of the solution in water; 2) water temperature; and 3) contact time with the dishes. Sanitizers must be EPA registered. Test kits are required by the FDA Food Code and the regulatory agency that inspects your facility. Chlorine and quaternary ammonium sanitizers are the most common in food service. Chlorine-based sanitizers should be 50-100 parts per million (ppm’s) concentration and contact time is 7 seconds or more. Quaternary based sanitizers are usually 150 to 200 ppm’s concentration and 30 seconds contact time. All chemical sanitizers have pros and cons regarding characteristics such as kindness to skin, staining, smell, ability to work in hard water, effects on metal, and cost per use, so ask your chemical supplier to help you make the right choice.
Some additional hints for the dishwashing process:
- Wear heavy-duty, longer length, nitrile pot sink gloves to protect your hands for dishwashing applications.
- Keep sanitizer test kits handy and occasionally check the temperature of the washing and sanitizing solutions.
- Change the rinse water whenever it becomes cloudy. Avoid just running hot water as the rinse step. It’s time-consuming and wasteful.
- Wash hands thoroughly before and after performing dishwashing duties.
Bottom Line: So, as the title says, “don’t compromise – clean and sanitize”.
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About the Author: Lacie Thrall
Lacie Thrall passed away in early 2017 after a long illness. She dedicated her 35-year career to improving the health and well-being of others by promoting food safety best practices. Lacie worked in environmental health for 17 years before joining FoodHandler in 1997 as the Director of Safety Management. While at FoodHandler, she trained employees and customers on safe food handling practices, including proper hand hygiene and glove use. Later as a FoodHandler consultant, Lacie provided the foodservice industry with food safety information and advice through her blog on FoodHandler.com.
A Little Poultry Safety Information
Chicken is the number one species of protein consumed by Americans – we eat about 80 pounds of it per year. Outbreaks of foodborne illness have long been associated with poultry and eggs usually by undercooking it or cross-contamination of other foods by raw poultry. Recent concerns about avian or bird flu put the direct focus on our fowl food with concerns about whether this awful disease can transfer from birds to humans.
The Basic Principles of Food Safety
Every food establishment uses, processes, and sells food in different ways. However, the general issues and key principles of food safety remain the same, whatever the style of the operation. All food safety training programs should contain the “big 3” factors that could cause food to become unsafe. Food must be kept out of harms way from human errors, but if you don’t train food workers what they are, they won’t know why these factors are so important to your operation. The basics can make us or break us in one or maybe two food handling mistakes.
Be Aware When You Prepare – Food Prep Tips
The subject of food preparation covers some very broad, basic principles within food safety, with many steps associated with “risk” in some recipes. Certainly, preparation steps are where the most mistakes have occurred if a foodborne illness should occur. Outbreaks usually happen when more than one mistake occurs during prep, but sometimes it only takes one. Cooking is the biggest risk for raw foods, but all foods become ready-to-eat foods at some point in final preparation steps and that’s where the most care is required.
Food Gloves & Latex Allergy Education
Politicians joke about the endless stretch of rubber chicken dinners they may consume in an election year. For people with a latex allergy, such a prospect may be no laughing matter. While latex serves as an effective barrier glove material and has the best fit because of its elasticity, the risks associated should not be ignored. The solution is not simple and many options are available for operators today. It should always be mentioned that handwashing (before putting on gloves) is always the primary barrier to contamination and gloves are considered a good secondary barrier.
